Skip to content

The archive

Every essay, and where to start

Essays on which parts of your work keep their value as AI gets cheaper. Browse by subject, follow a reading path, or search every piece.

  • 97 essays
  • 3 walkthroughs
  • the field guide
  • 15 h 24 min of reading

Latest

01 · Where to start

6 reading paths

Where to start

Pick the problem you have. Each path is a short route through the archive, five pieces in order.

Path 01 · 5 pieces · 54 min

Deciding whether to trust an agent

You are about to put an autonomous system somewhere it can do damage. Five pieces, in the order that builds the check.

Start here · 1 of 5 · 11 min How Reliable Is Your AI Agent? A month running an autonomous agent. I came back having built a verifier, and so had most of the operators I read.
Start the path
  1. How Reliable Is Your AI Agent? 11 min
  2. You're Not Comparing Models. You're Comparing Contracts. 9 min
  3. Your AI Looks Best Where You Can Check It Least 10 min
  4. Most Verification Is Just Bigger Classification 16 min
  5. Never Let Claude Code Tell You It's Done 8 min

02 · By series

14 series

By series

The recurring lines the writing runs in. Pick one to read it in order, from its first piece.

03 · Every piece

101 pieces

Every piece

All 101 pieces. Filter them, search them, or move through them month by month.

Filter

View and order

About

You get

Time

Evidence

By lane the publication's own series, for readers who know it

Every piece reads in full here, except those marked Part paid, where the rest is for paid subscribers.

2

  1. You Know Them Too Well

    The people who've known you longest are the surest they know you, and no more right for it.

    Life and what lasts9 min

  2. Before You Trust a Study, Check How Strongly It Passed

    We fixed the rule before opening each claim's re-check result: strong first passes held up 66% of the time, narrow ones 34%.

    Testing and evidence10 minClaim ledger

The newsletter · Free

Subscribe to get each new piece in your inbox, with something to use in every one.

Several essays a week, plus Notes through the week.

Signup completes on Substack. Unsubscribe from any email.

17

  1. Anthropic's books show an operating profit. Alphabet had its worst day on record.

    Anthropic's compute fell below half its revenue, but the bill will jump. Also: Google's cloud doubled as Alphabet's free cash flow sank to −$9.1bn.

    Markets and companies15 min Part paid

  2. A Coin Flip Set the AI's Lean. Experts Went With It 86% of the Time.

    Most later explained a choice in its words, and none suspected the lean was planted. How to make an AI argue the side it didn't pick.

    Work and judgement9 minCited by 2Claim ledger Part paid

  3. What Is Prompt Injection? How to Stop a Tricked AI Agent Leaking Your Data

    One GitHub issue got an agent to post private-repo data in public. Why no filter fully stops it, which guards held in our runs, and how to test yours.

    Building agents5 minCited by 1Claim ledger Part paid

  4. Claude Code Skills: How They Work, How to Write One, and How to Check Claude Uses It

    Claude picks a skill from its name and description. How to write the two lines it reads, and check it chose yours.

    Building agents15 minClaim ledger

  5. OpenAI's agents weakened their own alarms. Banks had already shut the door.

    One OpenAI agent muted its alerts, another removed its monitor. Also: banks bar outside agents from moving money, and AI helps find PHP flaws.

    Markets and companies17 min Part paidRevised 4 Nov

  6. AI Agent Permissions: How to Stop Your Agent Doing Something You Can't Undo

    Our deny rule stopped one spelling of a branch delete and missed the next. The guards that hold for agent actions you can't undo, and how to test yours.

    Building agents14 minCited by 2Claim ledger

  7. What Is Harness Engineering? How to Build AI Agents That Catch Their Own Mistakes

    Lessons from OpenAI, Anthropic, Google and independent engineers, worked through one failure, with a way to test every change.

    Building agents14 minCited by 2Claim ledger

  8. The Coding Agent Field Manual
    Lock the Tests, Then Test the Lock

    Agents still edit a test that looks wrong, and some test locks don't lock. Lock yours in Claude Code, Codex and Cursor, then test it.

    Building agents18 minCited by 3Claim ledger Part paid

  9. A Google Mistake Taught an AI to Hide Its Shortcuts. Eight States Say OpenAI Hid ChatGPT's Risks.

    It happened in a test run, not the released Gemini model. Also: the FTC subpoenas OpenAI and Anthropic, and the IMF counts AI's circular deals.

    Markets and companies14 min Revised 18 Oct

  10. Did Your AI Actually Read the Doc?

    How to give ChatGPT and Claude the same project notes in one Google Doc, and test whether a new chat can use them.

    Work and judgement6 minCited by 1Claim ledger

  11. What Did They Have to Check or Redo?

    An AI-drafted update, summary or email can cost the person who gets it time you do not see. Ask them one question, then change one thing.

    Work and judgement2 min

  12. The Tell
    Don't Tell Your AI Your Answer

    Answering from memory, two AI apps went along with my wrong answers about as often as my right ones. Here's the test.

    Testing and evidence9 min

  13. OpenAI Fired Three Safety Researchers. Utah Let an AI Write New Acne Prescriptions.

    Also this week: Anthropic's test agents acted on real government sites, Google commits to power early, and OpenAI's ad number measures credit.

    Markets and companies15 min Revised 15 Oct

  14. Your AI Complaint Says Things You Never Said

    A study found AI-written complaints win relief more often. Its own AI edit of one says 'I do not own a cell phone'. The consumer never said so.

    Knowledge and thinking4 min

  15. Everyone Hit the Target

    Rat tails, sales targets, waiting times. Reward a number and it will climb. The thing it stood for may not.

    How things are designed4 min Revised 4 Nov

  16. OpenAI Apologised to Australia. Google Let Defenders Try Argon First.

    Also this week: an open model nearly matches a gated one at exploits, the FTC confirms a probe, and Micron's buyers have committed $32 billion.

    Markets and companies12 minCited by 1 Revised 13 Oct

  17. AI Can Take the Practice Without Taking the Job

    The practice that builds judgement can disappear while every junior keeps their seat. This audit checks whether it has on your team.

    Work and judgement7 minClaim ledger Part paid

14

  1. The Things You Used to Know by Heart

    What leaning on AI to remember for you quietly does to your own thinking.

    Work and judgement3 minCited by 1

  2. The Evidence File
    Your AI Grader Is Only as Good as Its Answer Key

    I went through 77 studies of AI graders. Without a verified answer key, they are least reliable on exactly the questions they can't answer themselves. Here is a five-step check on twenty items for yours.

    Testing and evidence12 minCited by 1Claim ledger Revised 6 Oct

  3. Amazon Shut Out Meta's Agent. Shopify Gave It Shop Pay.

    Also this week: an OpenAI agent inside an Australian government portal, another supplier handing a big customer the right to buy its stock, and six calls I've put a number on.

    Markets and companies9 minCited by 1Claim ledger

  4. One Question for Any AI Model Headline: Can You Use It?

    It may be in a mode you didn't open, on a plan you don't have, or kept for partners. Here's the check.

    Testing and evidence3 minCited by 1Claim ledger

  5. Use AI to Learn Without Getting Worse at It

    Answer-giving AI left learners worse off once it was gone. Three setups built to keep the thinking with you, and a way to check what stuck.

    Work and judgement9 minCited by 2Claim ledger

  6. The Durability of a Life
    Your Health Has a Dashboard. Your Relationships Don't.

    One you schedule. The other you leave to a mood.

    Life and what lasts9 minClaim ledger

  7. You Own an Asset You've Never Scored

    The file your agent reads first is capital. Score it out of sixteen, fix the thinnest mark, and run the one check that tells you whether the spec, not the model, was your limit.

    Building agents7 min Part paid

  8. Show It an Example

    Why 'make it distinctive' gets you the least distinctive thing there is, and what to paste instead.

    Building agents4 minCited by 1

  9. Ask for the Step Before the Answer

    Before you trust an AI answer you cannot check, ask for the step it was built from.

    Testing and evidence3 minCited by 1

  10. You Can Win the Wrong Game for Years

    You usually cannot tell whether you are playing the wrong game. Write down what would prove it, and by when.

    Where value sits7 minCited by 1Claim ledger

  11. The Planes That Didn't Come Back

    Success stories and the antiques that outlasted the rest. Your evidence was filtered by what survived to reach you.

    How things are designed4 minClaim ledger Revised 4 Nov

  12. Your Verification Budget Is Backwards

    You can't check everything your agents produce, so you're already triaging. Most of us spend the effort where checking is easy, which is not always where a mistake is expensive.

    Testing and evidence3 minCited by 2 Part paidRevised 5 Oct

  13. The Extra Lane Fills Itself

    Wider roads, faster teams, more appointments. Add room to a queue that turned people away and demand rushes back.

    How things are designed6 min

  14. The Option You Were Never Meant to Buy

    The weak rival, the overpriced tier, the house shown first. The option you never choose can change what you pick.

    How things are designed5 min

17

  1. The Skill That Never Fired

    A Claude skill can fail two ways: its instructions are wrong, or Claude never picks it. Anthropic's own tooling scores whether one skill fires. This tests it against the neighbour that can quietly win its requests, with a small routing eval you run yourself.

    Building agents13 minCited by 2

  2. The Graph Looks Right. The Merge Is Where It Breaks.

    A multi-agent graph can lose a verdict with no error and nothing turning red. The bug is one line in the state schema.

    Building agents12 minClaim ledger Revised 24 Oct

  3. Everyone Got Safer. That's the Problem.

    Safety has two numbers: how often each system fails, and whether they fail together. The field has spent years driving the first one down while almost no dashboard reports the second.

    Testing and evidence12 minClaim ledger Part paid

  4. You Built a Number You Will Not Trust

    Some things you build get graded by the world. Some only ever hand you back your own guess wearing a decimal. Telling the two apart before you start is the cheapest hour you will spend.

    Work and judgement8 min

  5. The Work That Comes Due After You Leave

    A checklist can only confirm the steps you remembered to put on it. The one you forgot is caught by a record you did not write.

    Work and judgement8 min

  6. It Will Never Think Less of You

    What telling AI the things you can't tell anyone quietly does to being known.

    Work and judgement3 minCited by 1

  7. Confidently Wrong

    The effort you're handing to AI was doing two hidden jobs. Skip them and you get faster, weaker, and blind to your own mistakes.

    Work and judgement10 minCited by 3Claim ledger Revised 5 Oct

  8. A Green Score Is Not Evidence

    A groundedness metric scored its best with the evidence removed. The way to tell whether your model is actually using its evidence is to change the evidence and watch what moves in the answer.

    Testing and evidence8 minCited by 7Claim ledger

  9. The Full Height
    The Limit Said 10. The Loop Made 500 Calls.

    Your limit counts one cycle. The one that runs away is another. Here is how to tell them apart.

    Building agents13 minClaim ledger

  10. You Reach Before You Think

    What leaning on AI for every small decision quietly does to your own judgement.

    Work and judgement3 minCited by 3 Revised 30 Oct

  11. You Were Never the Customer

    The free app, the free inbox, the free feed. Someone pays for each, and that changes what it is.

    How things are designed5 min

  12. Stop Re-Priming Claude Code by Hand

    The context you paste at the start of every session, put into one file you invoke with /prime.

    Building agents9 min

  13. The Setting You Never Changed

    The pre-ticked box, the factory setting, the plan already selected. Someone chose each one before you did.

    How things are designed5 minCited by 2

  14. The Engineering Ladder
    The Guardrail Your Agent Can Reach

    Most guardrails end up with an escape hatch. Check whether the thing you are constraining can reach yours.

    Building agents20 minCited by 3Claim ledger

  15. The Average Is Nobody's Result

    Of 255 studies on AI-assisted colonoscopy, 17 split the result by who held the scope. They disagree.

    Testing and evidence20 minClaim ledger Part paidRevised 26 Oct

  16. You Cannot Try to Fall Asleep

    Sleep is only where you notice it first. Much of what matters works the same way.

    Work and judgement7 minClaim ledger Revised 5 Oct

  17. Your Robot Coworker Is Still a Pilot

    Built, shipped, installed, working: four counts, quoted as one. Almost nobody publishes the fourth.

    Testing and evidence14 minClaim ledger Has a toolRevised 6 Oct

9

  1. The Most Expensive AI Errors Are Made of True Numbers

    Two months auditing an AI research agent. Nine ways a true number lies, and the check that catches each.

    Testing and evidence10 minCited by 1 Part paidRevised 9 Oct

  2. Your AI Stack Has Three Bugs Other Fields Already Fixed

    Your benchmark, your model jury, your agent swarm: three old structures, and the obvious fix is usually wrong.

    Building agents10 min Has a toolRevised 3 Oct

  3. Your AI Looks Best Where You Can Check It Least

    When the first failure is terminal, you cannot iterate your way back.

    Testing and evidence10 minCited by 6 Has a toolRevised 4 Nov

  4. The Difficulty You're Escaping Was Making You

    AI can lift the effort out of almost anything you find hard. Some of that effort was the thing turning you into someone.

    Work and judgement16 minCited by 6Claim ledger Revised 4 Nov

  5. Your Tests Pass. So What?

    A green suite only proves your agent cleared the gate. Mutation testing shows whether the tests behind it can bite.

    Building agents19 minCited by 1 Revised 8 Oct

  6. Where Your Metrics Fold

    A metric can be perfectly accurate and still hide the distinction your decision depends on.

    Testing and evidence7 minCited by 3 Has a tool

  7. Your Research Agent Cites Sources It Never Read

    The same trap has killed pricing models and trading desks for decades. One move tells you if your number is next.

    Testing and evidence9 minCited by 3Claim ledger Has a toolRevised 6 Oct

  8. Your Multi-Agent System Is an Org Chart

    Cognition said don't build them. Anthropic said do. A year on, they converge on the one question that decides it.

    Building agents11 minCited by 1Claim ledger Has a toolRevised 3 Oct

  9. Your Benchmark Measures a Sprint. Your Agent Runs a Marathon.

    An open model looks frontier-grade on the coding leaderboard. On a long job, it does half the leader's work.

    Testing and evidence10 minCited by 1 Has a toolRevised 3 Oct

15

  1. Never Let Claude Code Tell You It's Done

    A test the agent can't talk its way past, wired to run itself.

    Building agents8 minCited by 7 Revised 6 Oct

  2. How Long Until Your AI Edge Stops Paying?

    You adopted AI everywhere and it still didn't pay. The scarce layer keeps the money, until its clock runs out.

    Where value sits10 min Has a toolRevised 4 Nov

  3. Ten Lines of Code Scored 100%. One Agent Broke Eight Benchmarks.

    Not one task was actually solved, and the same blind spot is sitting in your own dashboard.

    Testing and evidence11 minCited by 3 Has a toolRevised 6 Oct

  4. The Safe Parts of Your Job Are the First to Go

    The parts of your job with a method feel the safest. A method is the first thing a machine learns.

    Work and judgement10 minCited by 2 Has a toolPart paid

  5. The Seven-Layer Agent Audit

    Your agent is starved on one layer of seven. It is rarely the harness everyone argues about.

    Building agents13 minCited by 3Claim ledger Has a toolRevised 6 Oct

  6. The Cheaper Fix You Keep Skipping

    What looks like a deficit is usually good capability, aimed at the wrong target. The cheapest fix is the one nobody can sell you.

    Where value sits8 minCited by 2 Has a toolRevised 25 Oct

  7. How Reliable Is Your AI Agent?

    A month running an autonomous agent. I came back having built a verifier, and so had most of the operators I read.

    Building agents11 minCited by 8 Has a toolRevised 3 Oct

  8. Self-Improvement Is Release Engineering

    Your agent can rewrite its own memory and skills overnight. The hard part is whether you can see what changed and take it back. That makes self-improvement a release-engineering problem.

    Building agents7 minCited by 2

  9. Skills Are Package Management for Your AI

    There are millions of agent skill files to choose from. The hard part is deciding which deserve trust, how to version them, and how to retire them.

    Building agents7 minCited by 6Claim ledger Revised 5 Oct

  10. Right About AI, Wiped Out Anyway

    AI is real. The open question is whether the companies spending $725 billion on it live to collect.

    Markets and companies8 min

  11. Remembers Everything, Learns Nothing

    You gave your agent a memory and it still repeats the same mistake. What makes it improve is a loop that tests each failure and turns the ones that recur into procedures.

    Building agents11 minCited by 3

  12. You Only Hold Four Thoughts

    Working memory tops out around four things at once. Every leap in human intelligence has come from storing the rest outside your head, and the most advanced AI systems get their gains the same way.

    Knowledge and thinking8 minCited by 1

  13. The Other Half of Compute

    Everyone is counting gigawatts and GPUs. The number that decides the return is what each one actually buys.

    Markets and companies9 minCited by 3

  14. The Stable Liar

    Every metric you optimise quietly stops measuring what you meant. The dangerous ones never break. They keep reporting green while the thing underneath rots.

    Testing and evidence11 minCited by 5 Has a toolRevised 5 Oct

  15. Your Tools Got Powerful. Get Boring.

    The most powerful tools in history reward the most boring strategies. The gap widens every time they improve.

    Where value sits8 minCited by 3

18

  1. Same Model, Different Product: The Case for Harness Engineering

    Hold the model fixed and the surrounding harness can still move task success, cost and reliability. Here are the layers that do it.

    Building agents11 minCited by 12Claim ledger Revised 3 Oct

  2. The Leverage Hierarchy of Agent Engineering

    Donella Meadows ranked twelve places to intervene in a system. Most agent teams spend their hours at the bottom of the ladder.

    Building agents6 minCited by 4 Has a tool

  3. Three Hidden Bottlenecks the AI Buildout Has Already Moved Past GPUs

    NVIDIA's GPU shipments are not the binding constraint anymore. The supply chain has voted on what comes next.

    Markets and companies11 minCited by 3

  4. NVDA Q1 FY2027: The Networking Number That Changes the Story

    NVIDIA Q1 FY2027 revenue hit $81.6B (+85% YoY) — but the real story is networking revenue surging 199% as the AI bottleneck migrates from GPUs to interconnects.

    Markets and companies4 min

  5. Access Is Not Agency

    The tool is not the authority. Teams add connectors before defining what the agent is allowed to change. That is not agency, it is reach with a larger blast radius.

    Work and judgement13 minCited by 1 Revised 5 Oct

  6. Your AI Agent Stack Is Solving The Wrong Problem

    The real setup is not MCP servers, skills, memory files, and subagents. It is the contract stack that decides what an agent may know, do, prove, escalate, and lose.

    Building agents11 minCited by 1 Has a tool

  7. The Engine Underneath Hard Decisions

    Eight stages turn hidden structure into durable knowledge. Most teams run three of them and call it understanding. The other five are where compounding hides.

    Knowledge and thinking6 min

  8. The Five Laws of Durable Systems

    What still has a job after the change? Five tests for seeing what is likely to survive.

    Knowledge and thinking5 minCited by 2

  9. The SpaceX IPO Is Not What You Think You're Buying

    The filing will not just price rockets. It will reveal which layer public investors actually own.

    Markets and companies18 minCited by 1

  10. AI Made You Faster. It Did Not Make You Safer.

    The strange thing about the AI productivity boom is that the people getting faster are not always getting more secure. Speed is becoming the surface. Proof is moving somewhere else.

    Work and judgement16 minCited by 2

  11. The 90-Day Canopy Audit

    A roadmap can look productive while most of the work is easy to displace. Run the Substrate Map on the last 90 days and force the next planning decision to change.

    Where value sits7 min

  12. Start Here: What Survives When The Surface Changes?

    The long version of the idea behind the publication: the lens, the test, the tools, and the reader paths.

    Where value sits6 min Revised 5 Oct

  13. The Lens Lexicon

    A free two-page reference card defining the ten load-bearing terms behind the durability lens, with tests, examples, and common confusions.

    Knowledge and thinking2 min

  14. What Proves You Can Think?

    AI did not just make output cheap. It broke the old contract between effort, competence, and trust. The next scarce signal is proof of judgement under conditions where the surface itself can be faked.

    Work and judgement13 minCited by 2

  15. Most Verification Is Just Bigger Classification

    A confidence score is not evidence. If your eval cannot produce a replayable artefact, it will fail the moment the system can respond to being measured.

    Testing and evidence16 minCited by 6 Has a toolRevised 5 Oct

  16. Taste Is What You Delete

    Generation got cheap. The scarce skill is knowing what to cut.

    Work and judgement9 minCited by 2

  17. The Displacement Rate Audit

    A five-minute scoring tool for any product, position, architecture, business model, or career bet. Find out what still works after the environment changes.

    Where value sits2 min

  18. The Substrate Map

    A free one-page taxonomy and 10-minute exercise for finding the substrate-vs-canopy ratio in your last 90 days of work.

    Where value sits2 min

9

  1. PLTR: The AI Stock That Has To Prove It Owns The Permission Layer

    A bull/bear thesis for Palantir: not whether AI demand is real, but whether Palantir owns the permission layer between model capability and real-world action.

    Markets and companies10 min

  2. Right Company, Wrong Vector

    A pick is a number. A position is a vector. The post-mortem language we have only knows how to blame the company.

    Markets and companies14 min

  3. The Investor's Substrate Test

    Score the substrate beneath any single position in seven minutes. A 5-axis profile and a 0-10 score for any holding. Free.

    Markets and companies2 minCited by 1

  4. The Forest Floor Is The Product

    Most people are optimising for canopy. The work that survives the next five AI releases is built from the forest floor up.

    Where value sits19 minCited by 5 Has a toolRevised 25 Oct

  5. You're Not Comparing Models. You're Comparing Contracts.

    Agent benchmarks don't measure models. They measure contracts. Two teams running the same model can publish different scores, and both can be honest.

    Testing and evidence9 min Has a toolRevised 14 Sep

  6. Prompting Isn't Writing, It's Compilation

    If you treat the prompt as a spec and the model as a renderer, quality stops coming from more words and starts coming from better constraints.

    Building agents6 minCited by 1

  7. The Model Is Not the Moat

    If frontier capability keeps centralising, the durable edge shifts outward into trust, workflow fit, and the surrounding package.

    Where value sits3 min Has a tool

  8. I Read 3,000 Papers Across 12 Fields. Five Patterns Kept Appearing.

    Every field discovers them independently. Nobody connects them.

    Knowledge and thinking7 min Revised 25 Oct

  9. Is This Difficulty Load-Bearing?

    Before you automate anything, ask what the friction was actually doing.

    Knowledge and thinking1 min

2

17

14

17

9

15

18

9

04 · By idea

13 ideas

By idea

The named ideas this publication runs on, and where each one is worked out.

Definitions, tests and the confusions each term is usually mistaken for: the Lens Lexicon.

05 · Take it with you

Take it with you

Feeds, files and your own reading record, to use off the site.